BCAA and muscle repair after injury -
No significant differences were observed in the supplemented group 30 minutes before and immediately after exercise regarding muscle soreness and damage indexes.
However, subjects who ingested the amino acid mixture during 4 days post-exercise presented reduction of serum CK from 48 to 96 hours , myoglobin from 24 to 96 hours , and of muscle soreness from 24 to 96 hours when compared with the placebo group.
However, although no significant differences were observed between groups in isometric maximal voluntary contraction, range of motion, upper arm circumference, and muscle discomfort were decreased up to 4 days after exercise in the supplemented group.
These results demonstrate that BCAA supplementation may attenuate muscle soreness and this can be related with some biochemical markers. However, since no results were observed in muscle strength we can postulate that the benefits of BCAA supplementation do not involve structural modulation.
In a very elegant study, Jackman et al. The main feature of this study was that the subjects remained in dietary control throughout the experimental protocol in order to minimize the possible effects of other nutrients on the cellular and functional responses.
Serum CK and myoglobin were significantly increased after exercise and remained throughout the test period and BCAA supplementation did not attenuated it. Thus, it appears that BCAA supplementation can also modulate muscle soreness independently of biochemical markers.
Such information need to be elucidated by future studies. In practice, these results reinforce the hypothesis that, although BCAA supplementation does not improve muscle function, it can alleviate RE-induced muscle soreness and favor the subject to perform another RE session the phenomenon called "repeated bout effect".
Table 1 summarizes the main results described in the text. According to the data presented, BCAA supplementation appears to be an interesting nutritional intervention to alleviate RE-induced muscle soreness. Although some studies have found that biochemical markers of muscle damage are reduced after BCAA supplementation, it does not reflect improved muscle function at least in short term studies.
Paradoxically, although RE, especially lengthening eccentric contractions, is associated with muscle injury, they can also provide significant protection against future muscle damage and are robustly involved in the hypertrophy process [ 33 ]. However, little is known about the conditions that result in the protective adaptation involving the repeated bout effect and the role of BCAA supplementation in this context.
Thus, future studies should try chronic BCAA supplementation and even other amino acids against placebo with the same nitrogen load isonitrogenous supplementation protocol in order to evaluate the possible impact on muscle functionality and relate such effects with molecular pathways involved in muscle repair and regeneration.
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Keywords: branched-chain amino acids, macrophage, exercise-induced muscle damage, mTORC1, muscle satellite cell. Citation: Dong Y, Zhang X, Miao R, Cao W, Wei H, Jiang W, Gao R, Yang Y, Sun H and Qiu J Branched-chain amino acids promotes the repair of exercise-induced muscle damage via enhancing macrophage polarization.
doi: Received: 05 September ; Accepted: 24 November ; Published: 06 December Copyright © Dong, Zhang, Miao, Cao, Wei, Jiang, Gao, Yang, Sun and Qiu.
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article Front. Branched-chain amino acids promotes the repair of exercise-induced muscle damage via enhancing macrophage polarization.
Introduction High intensity or unaccustomed strenuous exercise can cause exercise-induced muscle damage EIMD. Materials and methods Animals Male Sprague—Dawley rats 8-week-old; Charles River Laboratories China, Inc. ELISA to assess cytokine release in serum The serum was collected from abdominal aorta of rats at each indicated time.
Primary peritoneal macrophage culture and BCAA intervention Primary peritoneal macrophages M0 were isolated from mice as previously described Bisgaard et al.
Co-culture of C2C12 cells and macrophages M0 macrophages were stimulated with LPS or IL-4 in the presence or absence of BCAAs in culture medium for 24 h, respectively. C2C12 cell proliferation assay C2C12 cells proliferation was assessed by Cell Counting Kit-8 CCK8, Dojindo, Japan. Real-time quantitative PCR The total RNA were extracted from cells using Trizol reagent Invitrogen, United States and reverse transcribed into cDNA using RT SuperMix kit Promega, United States.
TABLE 1. Primers for quadriceps qPCR. However, your muscles require all of the essential amino acids for the best results. This soreness is called delayed onset muscle soreness DOMS , which develops 12 to 24 hours after exercise and can last up to 72 hours 7.
Meanwhile, other research suggests that it may actually be related to the connective tissue associated with the muscle rather than the actual muscle itself 8. BCAAs have been shown to decrease muscle damage, which may help reduce the length and severity of DOMS. Several studies show that BCAAs decrease protein breakdown during exercise and decrease levels of creatine kinase, which is an indicator of muscle damage 9 , In one study, people who supplemented with BCAAs before a squat exercise experienced reduced DOMS and muscle fatigue compared to the placebo group Therefore, supplementing with BCAAs, especially before exercise, may speed up recovery time Just as BCAAs may help decrease muscle soreness from exercise, they may also help reduce exercise-induced fatigue.
Everyone experiences fatigue and exhaustion from exercise at some point. How quickly you tire depends on several factors, including exercise intensity and duration, environmental conditions, and your nutrition and fitness level Your muscles use BCAAs during exercise, causing levels in your blood to decrease.
When blood levels of BCAAs decline, levels of the essential amino acid tryptophan in your brain increase In your brain, tryptophan is converted to serotonin , a brain chemical that is thought to contribute to the development of fatigue during exercise 14 , In two studies, participants who supplemented with BCAAs experienced a reduction in central fatigue, resulting in improved athletic performance 16 , BCAAs can alter levels of certain chemicals in the brain, such as serotonin, which may be useful in decreasing exercise-induced fatigue.
Muscle proteins are constantly broken down and rebuilt synthesized. The balance between muscle protein breakdown and synthesis determines the amount of protein in muscle Muscle wasting is a sign of malnutrition and occurs with chronic infections, cancer, periods of fasting , and as a natural part of the aging process 19 , Several studies support the use of BCAA supplements for inhibiting muscle protein breakdown.
This may improve health outcomes and quality of living in certain populations, such as older adults and those with conditions like cancer 23 , Taking BCAA supplements can prevent the breakdown of protein in certain populations with muscle wasting.
BCAAs may offer health benefits for people with cirrhosis, a chronic disease in which the liver does not function properly. While certain sugars and antibiotics are the mainstays of treatment for hepatic encephalopathy, BCAAs may also benefit people with this condition One review of 16 studies including people with hepatic encephalopathy found that taking BCAA supplements had a beneficial effect on the symptoms and signs of the disease, but had no effect on mortality Liver cirrhosis is also a major risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma, the most common form of liver cancer, for which BCAA supplements may also be useful 28 , 29 , Several older studies have shown that taking BCAA supplements may offer protection against liver cancer in people with liver cirrhosis 31 , As such, scientific authorities recommend these supplements as a nutritional intervention for liver disease to prevent complications BCAA supplements may improve the health outcomes of people with liver disease, while also possibly protecting against liver cancer.
BCAAs are found in foods and whole protein supplements. Getting BCAAs from complete protein sources is more beneficial, as they contain all the essential amino acids. Fortunately, BCAAs are available in a variety of food sources. This makes BCAA supplements unnecessary for most, especially if you consume enough protein in your diet already Consuming protein-rich foods will also provide you with other important nutrients that BCAA supplements lack.
Nutrition is only for weight loss and professional Annd, right? Nutrition is important Citrus vitamin supplement Magnesium for muscle relaxation exercisers too, amd is a key ingredient in the recipe for recovery and health. When we exercise, we place good stress upon the body to create changes in order to improve our muscles, heart and mind. This application of stress, or load, is what creates training adaptations. In order to maximise these adaptations, adequate nutritional intake is required. Magnesium for muscle relaxation recently ihjury a grade three complete tear injjury BCAA and muscle repair after injury pectoralis major tendon reppair performing a barbell bench press. The weight I was musle would put me into the powerlifting category. I had to have surgery and was immobilized in an arm sling for six weeks. If your injury is severe enough to keep you from training for more than two weeks, your body is likely going to respond negatively. Specifically, you may lose muscle mass, strength and function. And when you lose muscle, protein synthesis decreases and muscle resists anabolic stimulation, or the ability to respond to muscle-growth stimuli.
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