Returning to commercially Antipathogenic surface finishes copper as the antimicrobial material, Kocaman Antipathogenuc Antipathogenic surface finishes. J Electroanal Chem. Antipatgogenic B, Sundberg K, Massar C, Champagne V, Cote D. Water Res. Indian J. APD3: the antimicrobial peptide database as a tool for research and education. derived 3,6-O-sulfated chitosan sulfated chitosan was shown, by Gao et al.

Antipathogenic surface finishes -

We can also support selling a re-applicable aftermarket solution. The business potential for a successful solution is vast as the yearly production volumes range from tens of thousands of units in hip protectors to tens of millions in steering wheels and seatbelts.

A novel surface coating for steering wheels that makes them naturally antiviral without compromising safety or functionality.

A novel material for seatbelt plastic and textile components that is antipathogenic can meet safety requirements and is cost-efficient in large-volume use.

One-third of the food produced globally is lost between production and consumption. Stora Enso, a leader in renewable packaging, is looking for innovative material providers to help fight that issue with advanced renewable and recyclable food packaging solutions, which would sufficiently preserve their contents and enable recyclability or reusability of the packaging materials.

We want to enhance our field support offering with augmented backend support capabilities. What will remote support look like in the future?

Stora Enso, a leader in renewable packaging, wants to make packaging design and selection as easy as possible. We aim to create a digital service for our customers, designers, and sales representatives. Can you help us to create a streamlined buying process for packaging designs with the help of cutting-edge technologies?

Opportunity overview. Your opportunity with Autoliv. Examples we're looking for. Hip protectors An antipathogenic treatment method for the material carrying the hip protection device.

Antiviral steering wheel coating A novel surface coating for steering wheels that makes them naturally antiviral without compromising safety or functionality. Antipathogenic seat belt component materials A novel material for seatbelt plastic and textile components that is antipathogenic can meet safety requirements and is cost-efficient in large-volume use.

Autoliv is the worldwide leader in automotive safety systems. Through their group companies, they develop, manufacture, and market protective systems, such as airbags, seatbelts, and steering wheels, for all major automotive manufacturers in the world as well as mobility safety solutions, such as pedestrian protection, connected safety services and safety solutions for riders of powered two-wheelers.

Autoliv challenges and re-defines the standards of mobility safety to sustainably deliver leading solutions. In , Autoliv products saved close to 35, lives and reduced more than , injuries. Their close to 70, associates in 27 countries are passionate about our vision of Saving More Lives and quality is at the heart of everything we do.

We drive innovation, research, and development at our 14 technical centers, with their 20 test tracks. More opportunities. Innovative Food Packaging with Stora Enso One-third of the food produced globally is lost between production and consumption.

Learn more. Augmented Backend Support with Epiroc We want to enhance our field support offering with augmented backend support capabilities.

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cookielawinfo-checkbox-analytics 11 months This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. More clearly, such venturous research and development modalities being reported upon within the scholarly outlets of relevance was likely stimulated by monetary projections signifying that the marketplace for antimicrobial materials and surfaces will likely reach more than 8 billion USD by the mids.

Given such a vast economic incentive, one more easily appreciates the rationale surrounding the reasons why such unorthodox coatings and surfaces were considered in the first place even most if not all of those listed above have not been recognized by relevant regulatory agencies as being dependably antimicrobial.

As for material solutions that have been identified as consistently antipathogenic, the EPA offered researchers the scaffolding needed to reliably develop antimicrobial functional surfaces.

Because of the fact that many of the alternative antipathogenic materials and coatings of significance did not utilize copper in accordance with the EPA, alternative antipathogenic copper-based surfaces are considered hereafter.

Given the numerable production and fabrication approaches available for copper-based alternative antipathogenic copper-containing materials and coatings procurement, a handful of current research articles are situated within the array of antipathogenic copper surfaces published upon thus far.

Hence, research by Haider et al. will be discussed first. Specifically, a hybrid poly- lactide-co-glycolide and copper-oxide nanoparticle containing composite nanofiber-based scaffolding was developed by Haider et al. by way of electrospinning [ 32 ]. The dependence upon the use of nanoparticles by Harider et al.

raises concerns and questions surrounding the viability of extending Haider et al. Such concerns from the potential health effects and human toxicity associated with the ingestion of detached nanoparticles from the poly- lactide-co-glycolide base material.

Nevertheless, Haider et al. noted that, at the very least, poly- lactide-co-glycolide on its own had been authorized for use by the U. Food and Drug Administration. In any case, antibacterial testing demonstrated inhibited bacterial growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains, leading Hairder et al.

Therefore, Haider et al. would have likely achieved even greater antipathogenic performance if Cu 2 O nanoparticles were used in place of CuO nanoparticles. From the vantage point of another composite based material, although comprised of a copper-zirconium-aluminum metallic glass composite rather than a poly- lactide-co-glycolide and metal-oxide nanoparticle composite in the case of Hairder et al.

published two studies centered upon the antimicrobial behavior of said copper-based metallic glass composites [ 33 , 34 ]. In one of the studies, the antibacterial behavior of Villapun et al. Villapun et al.

noted that the crystallinity of the metallic glass composite increased proportionally with respect to the copper content. While Villapun et al. were also interested in the wear and mechanical properties of the composite compositions studied during the course of their research, the antimicrobial testing analysis identified the Cu 56 Zr coli and Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis.

After Villapun et al. Interestingly, Villapun et al. coli contact killing efficacy. The authors asserted that variations in roughness were inconsequential in terms of the composites antipathogenic performance when E. coli strain K12 bacteria was explored. Remarkably, the oxidized copper-based metallic glass composite procured by Villapun et al.

increased the antimicrobial efficacy. Furthermore, the oxidized metallic glass composite entertained by Villapun et al. In spite of the fact that the less antibacterial CuO was identified as the outer-most layer, the crystalline nature of the Cu 2 O-CuO layers was presented by Villapun et al.

as the copper ion diffusion pathway framework required to understand the reason for the oxidized samples enhanced performance. Around the same time that Villapun et al. published their second work of scholarship, which was just discussed, Ciacotich et al.

published an analysis of the antibacterial efficacy of an alloyed copper coating with silver as the alloying element [ 35 ].

To perform a proper investigation of the antipathogenic performance, the copper-silver coating was subjected to testing conditions according to an EPA protocol wherein a bacterial biofilm was imposed upon the surface of the alloyed copper-silver coating.

Ciacotich et al. Additional discussion surrounding their hypothesis that the bacterial contact killing associated with the copper-silver coating was a multifactorial and complexly intertwined process, dependent upon local variations in pH, copper ion diffusion and bacterial cell oxidation, among other mechanisms, was provided by the authors as well.

Returning to commercially pure copper as the antimicrobial material, Kocaman et al. produced biocidal wire arc sprayed copper coatings using a twin wire arc spray gun and a stainless-steel substrate surface in [ 36 ]. Said otherwise, Kocaman et al.

characterized the antibacterial efficacy of copper coatings using a wire arc spray deposition process after exposure to various bacterial pathogens. The pathogens explored consisted of MRSA, P. aeruginosa, Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus VRE , E.

coli , and S. Kocaman et al. found that E. coli , S. aureus , and P. Intriguingly, the Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus VRE and MRSA superbugs required more time for complete contact killing and inactivation to occur. deserves continued investigation in future work.

Specifically, a sulphonated poly ether-ether-ketone -copper film for antipathogenic functionality was described by Muralidharan et al. in [ 37 ]. Just as Kocaman et al. During the course of Mantlo et al. Unfortunately, the research by Mantlo et al. does not appear to delve into the realm of mechanisms associated with copper-mediated contact inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 [ 38 ].

Consistent with our own claim that cuprous oxide Cu 2 O is likely to be just as effective as pure copper in diffusing the atomic copper ions needed for viral contact inactivation [ 17 ], according to [ 39 ], recent work undertaken at Virginia Tech has identified another copper-based coating that can also rapidly inactivate SARS-CoV-2 [ 40 ].

Still, one of the most promising aspects of copper cold spray antipathogenic coatings relative to the coatings presented by Behzadinasab et al. and Mantlo et al. is the likelihood of even greater inactivation rates below 1-h of exposure time, given the dynamically recrystallized and severely plasticly deformed microstructure, which greatly enhances ion diffusivity of the copper surfaces via refined grains and therefore the significant portion of diffusive grain boundaries.

There are many mechanisms at play that can lead to the inactivation of viruses and death of bacteria; however, this review will touch on those associated with contact killing on metallic surfaces.

A study conducted by Kawakami et al. of Osaka City University, subjected Gram-positive S. aureus and Gram-negative E. coli bacteria to 21 elemental metals, of which copper and silver demonstrated 5-fold to fold higher kill rates compared to the 19 other elements [ 41 ].

The iron on which these elements were deposited was shown to disrupt the membrane but was not indicative of being able to kill the 2 bacterial strains. The study concluded that while there was moderate toxicity involved with cobalt, nickel, and aluminum, the introduction of copper and silver had the most profound effects.

Of course, the identification of Al as being moderately toxic to pathogens by Kawakami et al. raises questions surrounding the method of analysis that the researchers employed.

Nevertheless, it has also been regarded that in copper and iron, the oxidized ion couples share similar redox potentials and can catalyze Fenton chemistry. This is based on the reactive oxygen species ROS which is exceptionally volatile to lactic acid bacteria as they produce hydrogen peroxide which can cause irreparable damage to cellular components when exposed to copper ions.

Moreover, pertaining specifically to copper ions, the cytotoxin killing mechanism has been hypothesized as occurring as the cells uptake massive amounts of copper, which in E.

coli , for example, would displace 4Fe-S4 clusters, therefore resulting in dehydratases. However, Fenton chemistry related phenomena are not universally accepted as the mechanism most responsible for contact killing [ 42 ]. Membrane damage was evident in copper exposed Gram-negative bacteria, E.

coli , as proteomic profiling elicited that copper had upregulated cell envelope and capsule polysaccharide biogenesis proteins. In viruses, while the structures vary significantly, some of the same kill mechanisms hold as copper ions overflow the cells and can cause extensive damage to the membrane through oxidative damage resulting in fully compromised cell structure [ 43 ].

Figure 6 is adopted from Santo et al. as a result. Taken from Santo et al. Cells of S. As briefly discussed earlier, Champagne et al. Succeeding articles were published by Champagne et al.

However, Sousa et al. began to further analyze the microstructures and mechanical behavior of the antimicrobial copper cold spray coatings to probe the appropriateness of Champagne et al. As a result, the most current assessment and research by Sousa et al.

offers a comprehensive examination of the role dislocations retain as compared to the role of grain-boundary mediated atomic copper ion diffusion [ 17 ].

Figure 7 captures the unique microstructure associated with nanostructured copper cold spray coatings studied by Sousa et al. Unique microstructure associated with nanostructured copper cold spray coatings studied by Sousa et al.

Fittingly, numerable studies have also arisen that validate superior atomic mobility and diffusion via grain boundaries in comparison with dislocations, signifying that the grain boundary-mediated pathway should to be considered by those pursuing the enactment of copper cold spray surfaces as a preemptive measure against fomite transmission of pathogens.

With the aforementioned in mind, the declaration that emphasis and optimization must to be given to grain boundaries housed in antimicrobial copper cold spray material consolidations does not mean that the role dislocations can play should be disregard. By taking a mutualistic approach that preserves the maximal surface area concentration of greatly disordered grain boundaries whilst also retaining an increased density of dislocations within a copper cold spray surface, a heightened rate of atomic copper ion diffusion may be achieved.

However, such a synergistic approach ought to not be pursued at the cost of forfeiting the grain boundary concentration nor should such a compounded effect be pursued if the dislocations take on a disadvantageous form and atomic copper ion diffusion sink.

Nonetheless, some work has been done attesting to the fact that dislocations may generally improve diffusion irrespective of being a screw or an edge dislocation type, for example. In fact, research in support of dislocation-driven and line-defect-dominated atomic copper ion diffusion as the microstructural feature liable for enhanced antipathogenic performance has been reported upon [ 47 ].

If explicit consideration was assigned to grain size within the copper system studied [ 47 ], their work would have also potentially attested to the area-fraction-containing grain boundaries as being integral to increased antipathogenic activity of copper, due to the fact that X-ray diffraction derived crystallite sizes were found to decrease concurrently with the increased dislocation density.

Given the current climate surrounding the ongoing COVID global pandemic at the time of penning the present review article , which is caused by the novel coronavirus known as SARS-CoV-2, continued discussion on antiviral copper-containing alternatives will be discussed herein.

With such a human toll, as well as the continued spread of the virus, the international medical, engineering, and scientific communities have coalesced around the pandemic by way of dedicating resources, research, and development, in an effort to prevent as well as combat further SARS-CoV-2 transmission.

Such an informed hypothesis not only stems from the fact that copper cold spray antimicrobial consolidations have been identified as an anti-influenza A bio-functional surface; rather, it also invokes related findings recently reported upon that SARS-CoV-2 was able to be completely inactivated on a less antiviral copper surface than that of the cold sprayed copper coatings [ 49 ].

Keeping with this line of discourse, it stands to reason that anti-SARS-CoV-2 copper cold spray coatings could be rapidly deployed as a preventative measure in so far as COVID is concerned.

Beyond the benefits achieved through quick introduction of copper cold spray surfaces to the suitable high-touch infrastructure in so far as SARS-CoV-2 is concerned, continued security and the mitigation of forthcoming pandemics through the prevention of bacterial as well as non-SARS-CoV-2 fomite transmission.

Prior to the public release of the CDC clarification just mentioned, Han et al. corroborated the necessity for pathogen inactivating surfaces in clinical, medical, and environments that house a notable concentration of high-touch surfaces, as a mitigative measure in the against SARS-CoV-2 [ 53 ].

Following the findings reported by Han et al. and the public perspective issued by the CDC, the World Health Organization WHO released a scientific briefing that attested to the veracity associated with contact-mediated transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus responsible for the ongoing COVID public health crisis and global pandemic [ 54 ].

The environments that house a notable concentration of high-touch surfaces include nursing homes, medical facilities, active public transportation, and schools, and have developed into focal points for the spread and transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus during the current COVID pandemic.

By way of refurbishing said surfaces within environments that house the greatest concentration of fomite transmission focal points in the most vulnerable and hard-hit geographies with such antiviral copper cold spray coatings, the functionalized material consolidations would contribute to the alleviation and inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Distinctive copper coating manufacturing processes accomplish variable sterilization rates, even when feedstock materials of the same composition are consumed during antimicrobial surface generation.

Copper coatings deposited on a traditional hospital-grade surface via cold spray kill bacteria and inactivate viral pathogens with commendable speed.

As a controllable and versatile coating technology, cold spray is especially appropriate for covering hospital equipment and vulnerable touch surfaces found in clinical settings. In fact, the materials science community has also started to advocate for the antipathogenic functionalization of common touch surfaces in public areas through the use of copper in the fight against COVID too [ 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 ].

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Arm rails, door handles, seats—these are all surfaces in public Fuel Management Dashboard finished Fuel Management Dashboard spread viruses with Antpiathogenic many people Antipathogenic surface finishes them as part of their daily finisbes. Distinguished Antjpathogenic and Cabot Antipathogenic surface finishes Laura Finished, chemical engineering, jointly appointed Antipathoegnic mechanical and surace engineering, Forskolin and muscle building awarded a National Science Foundation RAPID grant to suface this problem. Cuprous oxide is reported as a highly effective antimicrobial compound. While the origin of its antimicrobial property remains unknown, it is hypothesized to be a consequence of atomic-level copper vacancies in its crystal lattice that provide highly charged atomic environments. Lewis notes that one potential consequence of current widespread hand sanitizer usage is antibiotic-resistant bacteria; however, she is hopeful that these studies will quickly lead to materials design recipes strategies, methods, prescriptions, rules to develop solutions for public spaces. Abstract Source: NSF. TECHNICAL DETAILS: Correlations between the cuprous oxide lattice defect condition and its antipathogenic response to representative organisms are quantified through structural and electronic probes, including magnetometry and photoabsorption.