Reliable electrical utilization -
Electricity is crucial for poverty alleviation, economic growth, and improved living standards these links are discussed later in the entry. Measuring the share of people with electricity access is therefore an important social and economic indicator. The concept of "access to electricity" doesn't have a universally accepted definition, but most interpretations revolve around the availability of electricity, safe cooking facilities, and a certain minimum level of consumption.
According to the International Energy Agency IEA , 'access to electricity' involves more than just electricity delivery to a household. It also includes a requirement for households to consume a certain minimum amount of electricity, which differs based on whether the household is in a rural or urban area, and this threshold increases over time.
The minimum threshold is set lower for rural households and higher for urban households. At a global level, the share of people with access to electricity has been steadily increasing over the last few decades.
In , 2 in 10 people in the world lacked access to electricity; this number has since decreased, with fewer than 1 in 10 lacking access in recent years.
Most of this increase has been driven by growth in low and middle-income economies. In many countries, this trend has been striking. While this trend has been positive across most regions, there are still some countries where most of the people do not have access to electricity.
In the chart, you can explore electrification rates across the world. Global access to electricity has been steadily rising in recent decades. This progress also holds true when we look at the total number of people without electricity access. In , the total number without electricity fell below one billion for the first time in decades; very likely the first time in our history of electricity production.
This is shown in the chart: in more than 1. This figure is still unacceptably high — and gains in access are moving much too slowly to reach our goal of universal access by This is particularly true for Sub-Saharan Africa — despite the share of the population with electricity rising steadily, population growth meant that the total number of people without access was on the rise until Accelerated progress will be needed to ensure this number now continues to fall.
In the chart, we see the total number of people without access to electricity, grouped by world region. Here we see a regional shift in electricity access over the past few decades: in , nearly half of people in the world without access lived in South Asia. However, this figure has dramatically decreased in recent years.
The use of solid fuels for cooking is an important risk factor for deaths and morbidity from indoor air pollution. The obvious way to avoid indoor air pollution from solid fuel burning is for households to transition from traditional ways of cooking and heating towards more modern, cleaner methods.
This can, for example, be in the form of transitioning towards non-solid fuels such as natural gas, ethanol, or even electric technologies.
In , approximately two-thirds of the world's population had access to clean fuels for cooking, representing a significant increase from about half of the global population in This improvement underscores the substantial progress made over two decades in enhancing access to more sustainable and healthier cooking options worldwide.
The map shows the share of households with access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking across the world. This share has been increasing for most countries at low-to-middle incomes, however, rates of increase vary by country and region.
Access to clean fuels is still very low across Sub-Saharan Africa. This emphasises the need for rigorous analysis to underpin the decision-making behind ensuring reliability and more general security of supply.
As the electricity system continues to evolve due to the energy transition and emerging trends such as cyberthreats and climate change, governments and regulators will need to continue to update the legal and regulatory requirements on all stakeholders to ensure that electricity security is maintained in the face of these changes.
There are already cases of legislative changes to redefine frameworks, roles and responsibilities for various institutional actors in the electricity system to adapt to ongoing transformations in the power sector.
The passage of the so-called EU Clean Energy Package is an attempt to restructure the institutional framework for EU electricity markets, including electricity security, in the face of ongoing changes to the fuel mix and increasing interconnectivity across electricity systems.
It is a gradual evolution from earlier European legislative initiatives, or packages, for the electricity system published in , and These started from an unbundling and market perspective, but increasingly cover security-related provisions.
Regulators, in particular, will have an important role to play in ensuring electricity security amid the energy transition. Either with changes to law or stemming from existing statutory authority, they will need to adjust market designs and standards to reflect greater variability of supply and demand.
They will also need to account for new threats such as cybersecurity and climate change. For example, to support the secure integration of renewables into the grid and manage risks stemming from the retirement of baseload generation and lower utilisation of other plants, the US Federal Energy Regulatory Commission issued Order in February It requires all new generators regardless of size or technology to be capable of providing primary frequency response — a specific ancillary service used to cope with sudden changes in supply and demand — as a precondition for grid interconnection.
Similarly, the European Union established a legally binding grid code in across all its member states that requires all new connections to have essential ancillary service capabilities.
This paves the way for future operational rules and balancing markets with ever higher shares of VRE and distributed resources. New and emerging threats to the reliability of power systems present challenges to electricity planning frameworks.
This is true across market structures, ranging from competitive markets with extensive private-sector participation to more vertically integrated utility models. The implications of such developments for the electricity sector should be taken into consideration together with the fundamentals of generation, transmission and distribution.
They increase transparency and provide information to market participants and to all stakeholders in general, informing project developers, grid operators and authorities. These frameworks are increasingly co-ordinating investment in generation and grids.
They are also useful for foreseeing the potential outcome of low-probability but high-impact events. These new approaches are expanding and reaching into distribution networks, which have historically depended on power supplied by the transmission network.
The situation is changing as more generation resources are added locally to the distribution network at low- and medium-voltage level. Where deployment of many smaller distributed plants is concentrated geographically, reverse flows from the distribution network up to the transmission level become increasingly common and must be managed securely.
Most distribution networks are physically capable of managing two-way flows of power , although a number of upgrades and operational changes in voltage management and protection schemes can be necessary. Policy makers can help ensure that transmission and distribution planning processes are better integrated with generation planning, particularly as the latter begins to take system flexibility into consideration.
Appropriate planning rules will play a crucial role in the expansion of the electricity sector and to foresee the impacts of low-probability but high-impact events, covering the grid, new generation, storage and other flexibility options.
The clean energy transition will bring a major structural change in the generation profile of electricity systems around the world. Variable renewable generation has already surged over the past decade, driven by cost reductions and favourable policy environments.
The trend is set to continue and even accelerate in line with climate change objectives. At the same time, conventional power plants, notably those using coal, nuclear and hydro, are stagnating or declining. On the demand side, electrification will increase demand for electricity, even in a context of growing energy efficiency, requiring far greater levels of investment in power systems than we are witnessing today.
Moreover, technology and digitalisation are enabling a more active role for consumers in power systems, which are poised to become more decentralised in the coming years.
The challenge this presents to policy makers and system planners is to ensure system security by putting in place appropriate policies, regulation and market design features to support resource adequacy.
This includes the advancement of a diversity of low-carbon generation technologies and new flexibility resources such as demand response, storage, digitalisation and greater market interconnection to help meet the new challenges.
The energy transition being seen in many systems in the world will bring major changes in the way the system is operated.
The most significant is the large-scale deployment of low-cost variable renewables. Along with this large deployment of VRE, conventional power plants that provided the dominant proportion of power system flexibility in past decades are now retiring. The remaining conventional plants are mostly powered by natural gas, particularly in Europe and the United States.
In Europe this is developing in parallel with decreasing domestic production of natural gas, leading to a closer link between natural gas supply security and electricity security. To achieve emission reduction objectives, deployment of wind and solar PV will have to accelerate substantially and will become dominant sources in various parts of any interconnected system.
Nonetheless, the IEA Sustainable Development Scenario points to a diverse supply mix where solar PV and wind are dominant in capacity, but are supported by other low-carbon generation technologies, demand response and storage, as well as digitalisation and market interconnection.
Natural gas and coal will still play a role as well, particularly in developing economies like India. It would be extremely challenging for wind and solar technologies to further accelerate growth to such levels that they can compensate for a lack of other low-carbon generation.
Moreover, the scenarios provide a purely techno-economic perspective, without considering social acceptance or political factors related to additional wind turbines, nuclear facilities, fossil fuel plants and new overhead transmission lines, all of which can further complicate achieving an optimal, low-carbon generation mix.
Nuclear power plants are in decline at a global level despite being low-carbon, dispatchable, and, to some extent, flexible generation sources. The IEA Nuclear Power in a Clean Energy System analysis projected a Nuclear Fade Case, which explores what could happen over the coming decades in the absence of any additional investment in lifetime extensions or new projects.
This case is increasingly aligning with what may very well happen in the coming decades in advanced economies. In the scenario, nuclear capacity in advanced economies would decline by two-thirds by , from about GW in down to just over 90 GW in Other sources such as biomass and biogas are expected to grow, but the pace of growth from 2.
New technologies, such as power plants equipped with carbon capture, use and storage, are progressing far less quickly than required to achieve a sustainable path.
As a result, there is a risk that growth in other low-carbon technologies aside from wind and solar PV will be insufficient to compensate for coal and nuclear closures.
Clean hydrogen is gaining momentum and has strong potential as a long-term energy storage source if it can be scaled up in the coming decade, as being promoted in various policy initiatives already.
Until now, wind and solar PV have contributed positively to diversity in the generation mix. They are indigenous resources, which have therefore helped fuel-importing countries reduce their import bills and increase their self-sufficiency.
A well-diversified generation mix, with contributions from wind and solar PV, can improve electricity security by mitigating risks arising from physical supply disruptions and fuel price fluctuations. Small-scale generators, such as distributed wind and solar PV, also have the potential to facilitate recovery from large-scale blackouts during the restoration process, while large thermal power plants take longer to resume normal operations since they need a large part of the system to be restored.
These are clear examples of electricity security benefits from increasing the share of wind and solar PV. Looking ahead, electricity supply systems in some regions could see less diversity in power generation sources.
European electricity markets have achieved a high level of interconnection between power systems across many countries. They are endowed with diverse power generation sources, including natural gas, coal, nuclear, hydro, wind, solar PV and other sources.
Such generation fuel diversity has been a source of confidence in electricity supply security spanning a wide region. As some generation sources are likely to decline in capacity, the diversity of the future system will need to be found in a low-carbon generation mix, flexibility in supply and demand response, and the ever-increasing importance of grid interconnections.
Coal-fired power plants, in particular, are being decommissioned to align with ambitions to reduce CO 2 emissions and pollution levels. The trend will need to continue in order to achieve climate change mitigation objectives, increasingly supported by policy measures and finance strategies to phase out the use of coal-fired generation.
Many other electricity systems today also have quite a diverse generation mix, with natural gas, coal, nuclear, hydro, biomass, wind and solar PV. A further increase in VRE combined with a decline in conventional generation will require a review of electricity security frameworks by policy makers, supported by input from the wider industry.
VRE and other flexibility sources such as demand response and energy efficiency provide an important contribution to adequacy. Fully incorporating these resources into a reliability framework and optimising them in system operations calls for strengthened analysis and appropriate regulatory and market reforms.
Early steps in the clean energy transition of particular regions provide critical lessons for those still in an initial phase of their own transition. For the advanced regions, implementation of the next steps is likely to be more challenging than those already achieved. The significant concentration of low-carbon generation in a few VRE sources, such as onshore wind and PV, will create increasing challenges for policy makers, regulators and system operators.
For example:. Tapping into a larger set of variable resources with different generation patterns will reduce these underlying challenges by smoothing the combined VRE output over time, which can both decrease the economic cost of decarbonising the system and soften the integration challenges associated with few generation sources.
For instance, solar and wind generation often exhibit both diurnal and seasonal complementarity, reducing the overall variability of VRE output across the day as well as through the year. For Europe, the growing prospects of offshore wind are a promising opportunity to further diversify the low-carbon mix, as larger capacity factors and complementary generation patterns will soften the integration challenges of VRE.
Still, in highly decarbonised systems with diminished nuclear and fossil fleets, other low-carbon sources such as biomass, biogas, hydrogen and carbon capture, use and storage will eventually be needed to cover periods of low VRE generation, together with new flexibility sources such as power storage and the increasing scope of demand-side response.
Although wind and solar PV have seen impressive growth in recent years, overall spending in the power sector appears to be less than what will be needed to meet forthcoming security challenges.
To this end, the IEA World Energy Investment Report portrays a rather grim picture. The oil and gas upstream sectors see the largest negative impact compared to the electricity sector. Alongside a slump in approvals for new large-scale dispatchable low-carbon power plants the lowest level for hydropower and nuclear this decade , stagnant spending on natural gas plants and a levelling off in battery storage investment in , these trends are clearly misaligned with the future needs of sustainable and resilient power systems.
Low investment levels are projected not only with respect to the requirements of the Sustainable Development Scenario, but also in Stated Policy Scenario pathways. While this has not led immediately to serious power supply incidents, longer-term risks need to be addressed now.
Further acceleration can be expected in the deployment of VRE sources like wind and solar PV, due to continuing cost declines and government support schemes. Incentives for flexibility from other parts of the electricity system, including grids, demand response and batteries, receive less focus or only indirect attention in policies and regulatory frameworks worldwide, but are, nevertheless, essential.
The case of European and US electricity markets is very illustrative in this sense. In the past decade following the financial crisis, advanced market economies have seen weaker-than-expected growth in electricity demand in general.
Due to a combination of a weak economic recovery, stronger policies on energy efficiency and a rapid spread of efficient technologies like LED lights, electricity demand has stagnated or even declined across all advanced economy systems.
By electricity demand in Europe and the United States was TWh 6. This had important and positive implications for electricity security: there was a major wave of investment into combined-cycle gas turbine capacity just before the acceleration of wind and solar PV capacity additions.
These gas turbine plants were envisaged as running at a reasonably high load factor to supply robust demand growth. Despite this not materialising, they still have the technical capacity for low and flexible utilisation, primarily providing grid services, which they have done as the share of variable renewables increased.
Many jurisdictions have implemented changes to their market design, such as Capacity Remuneration Mechanisms or scarcity pricing, as means to recognise the contribution of these resources to security of supply and attract investments to them.
This example is relevant to the electricity security discussion. System operators and markets succeeded in maintaining robust electricity security while the share of variable renewables grew faster than expected. However, this task was greatly facilitated by the large excess capacity of predominantly flexible units.
It should be emphasised, however, that this capacity balance was not the result of a conscious design; rather, it was the result of an unexpected structural break. It also led to massive-scale value destruction as utilities wrote down assets and their equity capitalisation depreciated.
The combination of weak demand and value destruction of flexible assets shaped investor expectations, creating a reluctance to invest in these assets.
Future policy and technology changes can also trigger structural breaks. However, there is no guarantee that these will similarly lead to lower-than-expected demand. Technological progress has been highly asymmetrical: low-carbon generating technologies like wind and solar PV, and the technologies enabling electrification such as electric car batteries, have progressed more swiftly and witnessed larger-scale deployment than non-electrical low-carbon options like biofuels.
In the previous decade, energy efficiency progress compounded the effect of weaker-than-expected economic growth, leading to surprisingly low power demand. In the next decade, while the macroeconomic downside risk is unfortunately real, electrification might well outweigh efficiency gains; a household buying an electric car on average adds as much electricity demand as dozens of families replacing refrigerators with ultra-efficient models.
The impact of direct electrification would be reinforced by an increasing strategic interest in electrolytic hydrogen, which could replace fossil-fuelled end uses such as heavy trucks or industrial heat.
In addition to electrification and reaccelerating demand growth, renewables deployment will also have to cover accelerating and nearly unavoidable coal and nuclear capacity decommissioning in many advanced economies. After the value destruction of the past decade, there is little investment appetite for new conventional flexible assets in most mature energy systems.
In any case, these may not always be aligned with a credible low-carbon strategy, as is the case for coal. New flexibility enablers from batteries, wider demand response, deeper interconnection of regional systems, new business models and market designs need to fill the gap.
In addition to controlling total system costs and ensuring necessary investment happens at sufficient pace, policy makers need to take into account that a future low-carbon mix requires dedicated action to ensure a secure system.
Regardless of whether countries follow the STEPS or SDS, the share of VRE will be high at a global level and very high in many regions. This implies technical and economic challenges fundamentally different from the ones power systems have faced traditionally.
The integration of VRE can be classified into six phases that capture the evolving impacts, relevant challenges and priority of system integration tasks to support the growth of VRE.
While a system will not transition sharply from one phase to the next, the phased categorisation framework can help to prioritise institutional, market and technical measures.
For example, issues related to flexibility will emerge gradually in Phase 2 before becoming the hallmark of Phase 3. The general trend is clear that higher phases of system integration are forthcoming for most countries.
This helps ensure stability, reduce noise and interference, and prevent shocks from electrostatic buildup. Without proper grounding, sensitive electronic equipment can malfunction or become damaged.
Harmonics Harmonics are higher-frequency electrical signals that contaminate the power delivered by utilities to businesses and homes. Power Factor Power Factor cosφ is the relation between apparent power and active power.
Inefficient systems tend to have more apparent power than active power, leading to wastage of energy and possibilities of equipment damages.
Transients Transients refer to sudden and brief fluctuations in voltage or current that occur over a short period of time. They can be caused by events such as lightning strikes, switching operations, or faults in the power system.
Transients can range from a few microseconds to several milliseconds in duration, and they can have a significant impact on the operation and reliability of electrical systems and equipment.
Transient voltage surge suppressors, surge protective devices, and other protective measures can be implemented to limit the effects of transients on electrical systems and equipment. Conduct a power quality analysis The first step to overcome power quality problems is to conduct a power quality analysis.
This involves measuring power quality parameters such as voltage, current, frequency, and harmonics to identify any adverse power quality events.
Implement voltage regulation Installing voltage regulation equipment, such as voltage regulators, stabilizers or transformers, can help regulate voltage fluctuations and maintain a stable power supply.
Use power conditioning equipment Power conditioners, such as surge protectors, uninterruptible power supplies UPS , and harmonic filters can help to mitigate the effects of power quality issues.
Use high-quality electrical equipment Using high-quality electrical equipment, such as motors, transformers, and inverters, can reduce the occurrence of power quality problems. Improve grounding and bonding Proper grounding and bonding of electrical systems can help to eliminate ground loops and reduce noise and interference.
Train personnel Training personnel on power quality issues and how to troubleshoot electrical equipment can help to identify and resolve power quality problems quickly. Work with a power quality specialist Consulting with a power quality specialist can help to identify potential power quality problems and provide recommendations for resolving them.
Overall, overcoming power quality problems requires a multifaceted approach that includes identifying the root cause of the problem and implementing appropriate corrective measures.
Read more news from Shenzhen Clou. Power quality refers to the level of consistency, reliability, and stability of electrical power. It is important because any deviation from the expected levels of power quality can cause negative consequences such as equipment damage or malfunction, system shutdown, and data loss.
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