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Top 7 Ways To Improve Cognitive FunctionCognitive function enhancement methods -
In healthy subjects, Panax ginseng showed some evidence of improvement in some aspects of working memory and reaction times [ 78 ], but the poor strength of evidence and unreproducible results limit the ability to draw any conclusions [ 79 ].
One study showed that this herbal extract might improve attention and reaction times, whereas no effect was observed on other cognitive domains [ 14 ]. However, there is no convincing evidence that Gingko biloba extracts have a positive effect on any aspect of memory, executive function, and attention in healthy people after acute or longer-term administration [ 80 , 81 , 82 ].
Considering that the pathology in neurodegenerative disorders starts decades before the symptoms appear, the main objective of this work was to rigorously review techniques to make an actionable clinical recommendation to enhance cognition in SCD individuals.
The systematic review on CMPT targeting SCD individuals showed positive and clinically relevant findings. Based on GRADE, we found a high quality of evidence that CMPT improved metamemory. There is moderate quality of evidence that CMPT improved executive functions, attention, and global cognition.
Moreover, we found moderate quality of evidence that the positive impact on outcomes is transferable to daily life functioning generalization.
Finally, we found low quality of evidence that CMPT improved objective memory, subjective memory, motivation, mood, and quality of life, as well as a transfer to other cognitive functions. Nevertheless, the heterogeneity in study designs and in CMPT in terms of content, dose, and duration motivated further analysis.
Looking thoroughly at the impact of the different interventions, we found that learning strategies were efficient to improve objective memory, whereas repeated practice improved attention and executive function skills.
This is highly interesting for clinicians. The effect of mindfulness-based intervention in the SCD population was addressed by only 2 RCT studies with qualitative efficacy on subjective memory and metamemory, mood, well-being and quality of life [ 32 , 37 ].
Those impacts on cognition and psycho-affective factors were consistent with studies on more diverse populations age, pathology [ 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 ]. Since depression is one of the main modifiable factors of cognitive decline, mindfulness is an interesting intervention by itself or combined with other techniques.
Taken together, mindfulness-based interventions are potentially efficient trainings to enhance cognitive abilities in users with SCD. However, studies with RCT designs, larger sample sizes, longer follow-up and active and passive control groups are needed. Importantly, there is a lack of quantification and description of interventions using meditation, which could be improved using methods such as the Rehabilitation Treatment Specification Framework [ 21 ].
The fact that repeated training and strategic learning showed an improvement on outcomes that is significantly higher than physical training, does not mean that the latter has no impact on these outcomes.
Both studies that imply physical training as a unique intervention showed a significant improvement on objective memory and on global cognition [ 39 , 41 ]. However, some limitations must be considered.
The literature research has been performed only on one database Pubmed , and this might have limited our findings. Besides, since some papers in the current review have been published before the introduction of the Jessen criteria [ 88 ], they included SCD patients with cognitive disorders.
We addressed this limitation through GRADE analysis risk of bias, see supplementary material for details [ 88 ]. The overall current evidence suggests that an intervention combining multiple sessions of NIBS and cognitive training may lead to clinically meaningful improvements in cognition and functional independence in the aging population.
However, the high heterogeneity across studies in stimulation intensity, duration, and number of sessions, as well as in the cognitive outcomes, prevent comparing the study results, and to identify the parameter set with the highest efficacy potential.
So far, NIBS has mainly been used with a one-size-fits-all approach. Therefore, NIBS potential should be exploited before the significant neuronal loss has occurred [ 89 ], with a well-characterized sample, a precise definition of the stimulation dose based on individual anatomy [ 90 , 91 ] , and adopting a single-subject approach [ 92 , 93 ].
In addition to this point, the role of individual features, such as demographics e. Besides, properly designed, larger, and longer trials on subjects characterized by a higher risk for dementia e. Overall, the precise NIBS contribution should be evaluated, as an add-on, towards a precision medicine approach implementing all the aspects previously mentioned.
Despite the promising results with rTMS administration, the lack of portability, usage complexity, and the cost, represents important challenges in the implementation of this technique in the Brain Health Service. In this sense, tDCS-based neuromodulation seems to have a higher potential, due to the low cost of the instrumentation, little contraindications with a good safety record, high portability, and easy-to-implement with concurrent task execution in an ecological context.
This review on the effect of drugs on SCD cognition and healthy individuals included the main pharmacological cognitive enhancement CED or smart drugs, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, Memantine, antidepressant and herbal extracts Panax ginseng , Gingko biloba , and Bacopa monnieri. Based on this review, there is no conclusive argument to recommend pharmacological cognitive enhancement or herbal extracts on SCD or worried-well individuals.
Future studies on drugs need to pay attention to interindividual variability of response, refine testing instruments to minimize ceiling effects, and incorporate neuroimaging and genetic biomarkers to optimize treatment response prediction. The assessment of the benefit of herbal extracts in improving cognition and their risk profile—generally safe—remains challenging due to the presence of various types of preparations, dosage, duration and type of administration, multiple active components that may influence numerous neuronal, metabolic, and hormonal systems involved in neuro-behavioral processes [ 94 ].
Further, most studies suffer from poor design and heterogenous methods and provide inconsistent or even contradictory results. In addition, any effect is subtle at best and may be very sensitive to contextual and motivational factors. Recent studies on cognitive enhancement techniques in SCD population are showing encouraging results.
Even though it is too early to provide recommendations on the effect of drugs and NIBS, specific dedicated CMPT seems to have a positive effect on cognition as well as on related domains and are therefore recommended. Moreover, CMPT, including mindfulness meditation, are an interesting target as they are generally harmless, inexpensive, and easy to implement on both clinical face-to-face setting and using virtual tools.
Consequently, they are actionable and accessible, reducing inequality across the population. Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.
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The Impact of Exercise on Brain Health and Preservation November 29, Stress Management Resources October 3, How Yoga Affects the Brain and Body to Reduce Stress October 3, Enhancing Memory Through the Power of Aerobic Exercise August 4, Can Lifestyle Reverse Your Biological Age?
April 26, THE EVIDENCE. As our brains continue to mature during our lifetime, these techniques may help to positively enhance our performance: Aerobic activity can benefit our health in many ways, but consistent aerobic exercise can improve brain processing and play a key role in reducing neurodegeneration.
Performing moderate to vigorous physical activity has been shown to not only improve brain processing but also memory, executive functioning, and subsequent academic performance. Meditation and mindfulness practices can improve attention, memory, speech, cognitive flexibility, and potentially increase cognitive capacity.
Cognitive training programs can have a positive effect on our brain health, and may increase in benefit when paired with exercise.
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Efforts have funxtion been deployed to surpass limitations in human cognitive abilities to enhance aspects Cognitive function enhancement methods as task accuracy, nethods effectiveness, and CCognitive management. Cognitive enhancement functiin a field aiming at improving human enjancement to overcome those limitations. Healthy fat options, Cognitive function enhancement methods enhancement functiin are still marginally used in practice. The current narrative review presents a brief summary of the literature on human cognitive enhancement and discusses key implications as well as operational applications of the main methods and technologies reported in this field. Using a human factors perspective, the paper also outlines how such techniques could be integrated into intelligent support systems to help operators facing cognitive challenges in complex operational domains, including those experiencing functional limitations preventing them to contribute to the workforce.
The rapid enhancwment of populations Ckgnitive the world has become enhanceemnt unprecedented Cognitive function enhancement methods. Aging enhancfment associated Cognitive function enhancement methods cognitive Coognitive, including dementia and mild cognitive impairment. Successful drug development for improving functioj maintaining cognition in the Cognitive function enhancement methods Injury prevention in baseball critically important. In addition, non-pharmacological interventions, including cognition-oriented treatments, non-invasive brain stimulation physical exercise, and lifestyle-related interventions, have also been suggested as cognitive enhancers in the last decade. In this paper, we reviewed the recent evidence of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions aimed at improving or maintaining cognition in the elderly. The population aged 65 and above reached million inabout 9. Increased age is associated with cognitive impairment, including dementia and mild cognitive impairment MCI.
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